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В статье рассматриваются методы формирования рыночных структур при ориентации участников возникающих рынков на максимально возможные темпы роста, а также при ориентации их на максимизацию показателей экономической эффективности. Для первого случая разработан метод достижения желаемой структуры рынка, основанный на использовании принципов теории систем с переменной структурой. Для случая ориентации фирм на достижение максимума NPV рассматривается игровой подход к поддержанию конкурентной среды, основанный на эффективном методе расчета оптимальных по Нэшу–Курно и по Штакельбергу стратегий с помощью аппарата Z-преобразования.

Control theory methods for creating market structures are discussed for two cases: when market participants are pursuing aims 1) of maximal growth and 2) of maximum economic efficiency of their firms. For the first case method based on variable structure systems principles is developed. For the second case dynamic game approach is proposed based on computation of Nash–Cournot and Stackelberg strategies with the help of Z-transform.

Accurate segmentation of liver plays important in contouring during diagnosis and the planning of treatment. Imaging technology analysis and processing are wide usage in medical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Liver segmentation referring to the process of automatic or semi-automatic detection of liver image boundaries. A major difficulty in segmentation of liver image is the high variability as; the human anatomy itself shows major variation modes. In this paper, a proposed approach for computed tomography (CT) liver segmentation is presented by combining exponential entropy and fuzzy c-partition. Entropy concept has been utilized in various applications in imaging computing domain. Threshold techniques based on entropy have attracted a considerable attention over the last years in image analysis and processing literatures and it is among the most powerful techniques in image segmentation. In the proposed approach, the computed tomography (CT) of liver is transformed into fuzzy domain and fuzzy entropies are defined for liver image object and background. In threshold selection procedure, the proposed approach considers not only the information of liver image background and object, but also interactions between them as the selection of threshold is done by find a proper parameter combination of membership function such that the total fuzzy exponential entropy is maximized. Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is utilizing to optimize the exponential entropy measure to obtain image thresholds. Experimental results in different CT livers scan are done and the results demonstrate the efficient of the proposed approach. Based on the visual clarity of segmented images with varied threshold values using the proposed approach, it was observed that liver segmented image visual quality is better with the results higher level of threshold.

Accurate segmentation of liver plays important in contouring during diagnosis and the planning of treatment. Imaging technology analysis and processing are wide usage in medical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Liver segmentation referring to the process of automatic or semi-automatic detection of liver image boundaries. A major difficulty in segmentation of liver image is the high variability as; the human anatomy itself shows major variation modes. In this paper, a proposed approach for computed tomography (CT) liver segmentation is presented by combining exponential entropy and fuzzy c-partition. Entropy concept has been utilized in various applications in imaging computing domain. Threshold techniques based on entropy have attracted a considerable attention over the last years in image analysis and processing literatures and it is among the most powerful techniques in image segmentation. In the proposed approach, the computed tomography (CT) of liver is transformed into fuzzy domain and fuzzy entropies are defined for liver image object and background. In threshold selection procedure, the proposed approach considers not only the information of liver image background and object, but also interactions between them as the selection of threshold is done by find a proper parameter combination of membership function such that the total fuzzy exponential entropy is maximized. Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is utilizing to optimize the exponential entropy measure to obtain image thresholds. Experimental results in different CT livers scan are done and the results demonstrate the efficient of the proposed approach. Based on the visual clarity of segmented images with varied threshold values using the proposed approach, it was observed that liver segmented image visual quality is better with the results higher level of threshold.

Механические свойства клеток эукариот играют важную роль в условиях жизненного цикла и при развитии патологических процессов. В работе обсуждается проблема идентификации и верификации параметров вязкоупругих конститутивных моделей на основе данных силовой спектроскопии клеток эукариот. Предлагается использовать одномерное непрерывное вейвлет-преобразование для расчета ядра релаксации. Приводятся аналитические выкладки и результаты численных расчетов, позволяющие на основе экспериментально установленных силовых кривых и теоретических зависимостей «напряжение – деформация» с применением алгоритмов вейвлет-дифференцирования получать аналогичные друг другу функции релаксации. Анализируются тестовые примеры, демонстрирующие корректности программной реализации предложенных алгоритмов. Рассматриваются модели клетки, на примере которых демонстрируется применение предложенной процедуры идентификации и верификации их параметров. Среди них структурно-механическая модель с параллельно соединенными дробными элементами, которая является на данный момент наиболее адекватной с точки зрения соответствия данным атомно-силовой микроскопии широкого класса клеток, и новая статистико-термодинамическая модель, которая не уступает в описательных возможностях моделям с дробными производными, но имеет более ясный физический смысл. Для статистико-термодинамической модели подробно описывается процедура ее построения, которая в себя включает следующее: введение структурной переменной, параметра порядка, для описания ориентационных свойств цитоскелета клетки; постановку и решение статистической задачи для ансамбля актиновых филаментов представительного объема клетки относительно данной переменной; установление вида свободной энергии, зависящей от параметра порядка, температуры и внешней нагрузки. Также предложено в качестве модели представительного элемента клетки использовать ориентационно-вязкоупругое тело. Согласно теории линейной термодинамики получены эволюционные уравнения, описывающие механическое поведение представительного объема клетки, которые удовлетворяют основным термодинамическим законам. Также поставлена и решена задача оптимизации параметров статистико-термодинамической модели клетки, которая может сопоставляется как с экспериментальными данными, так и с результатами симуляций на основе других математических моделей. Определены вязкоупругие характеристики клеток на основе сопоставления с литературными данными.

Mechanical properties of eukaryotic cells play an important role in life cycle conditions and in the development of pathological processes. In this paper we discuss the problem of parameters identification and verification of viscoelastic constitutive models based on force spectroscopy data of living cells. It is proposed to use one-dimensional continuous wavelet transform to calculate the relaxation function. Analytical calculations and the results of numerical simulation are given, which allow to obtain relaxation functions similar to each other on the basis of experimentally determined force curves and theoretical stress-strain relationships using wavelet differentiation algorithms. Test examples demonstrating correctness of software implementation of the proposed algorithms are analyzed. The cell models are considered, on the example of which the application of the proposed procedure of identification and verification of their parameters is demonstrated. Among them are a structural-mechanical model with parallel connected fractional elements, which is currently the most adequate in terms of compliance with atomic force microscopy data of a wide class of cells, and a new statistical-thermodynamic model, which is not inferior in descriptive capabilities to models with fractional derivatives, but has a clearer physical meaning. For the statistical-thermodynamic model, the procedure of its construction is described in detail, which includes the following. Introduction of a structural variable, the order parameter, to describe the orientation properties of the cell cytoskeleton. Setting and solving the statistical problem for the ensemble of actin filaments of a representative cell volume with respect to this variable. Establishment of the type of free energy depending on the order parameter, temperature and external load. It is also proposed to use an oriented-viscous-elastic body as a model of a representative element of the cell. Following the theory of linear thermodynamics, evolutionary equations describing the mechanical behavior of the representative volume of the cell are obtained, which satisfy the basic thermodynamic laws. The problem of optimizing the parameters of the statisticalthermodynamic model of the cell, which can be compared both with experimental data and with the results of simulations based on other mathematical models, is also posed and solved. The viscoelastic characteristics of cells are determined on the basis of comparison with literature data.